How visitors and their perceptions of soundscapes can improve collaborative management of protected areas
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-34022021000200033Keywords:
Soundscape, protected area, citizen governance, visitor groups, perceptionsAbstract
This study explored perceptions of the soundscapes of the CNR (Coyhaique National Reserve). Visitor surveys (N = 899), included demographic data and an exercise in listening to ambient sound. Results showed interest and affinity for sound as part of the recreation/tourism experience, with generally positive responses for most of the ten coded categories (Wind, Birds, Insects, Forest, Water, Voices, Passersby, Personal Sounds, Machines, Airplanes/City). Similarities and differences emerged between three groups of visitors (locals, national tourists, foreign tourists), with respect to the ways they experienced the sounds. The discussion focused on: how the results can inform better management in the RNC; how soundscapes can be used to increase understanding and support for RNC mandates; and possible initiatives to encourage citizen participation and governance of Chile’s Natural Protected Areas.
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References
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CORPORACIÓN NACIONAL FORESTAL (CONAF), 2018. Estadística Visitantes Unidades SNASPE para el año 2018. [en línea]. S.l.: Disponible en: http://www.conaf.cl/wp-content/files_mf/1561061927EstadisticaTot_año_2018.pdf.
DAVIES, W.J., ADAMS, M.D., BRUCE, N.S., CAIN, R., CARLYLE, A., CUSACK, P., HUME, K.I., JENNINGS, P.A. & PLACK, C.J., 2007. The positive soundscape project. 19th Inrernational Congress On Acoustics [en línea], no. September, pp. 6. Disponible en: http://usir.salford.ac.uk/2460/.
ELLIOTT, R. & TIMULAK, L., 2005. Descriptive and interpretive approaches to qualitative research. A Handbook of Research Methods for Clinical and Health Psychology. S.l.: s.n., pp. 147-159.
FARINA, A., 2014. Soundscape ecology: Principles, patterns, methods and applications. Berlín: Springer Netherlands. ISBN 9789400773745.
FEDREHEIM, G.E. & BLANCO, E., 2017. Co-management of protected areas to alleviate conservation conflicts: Experiences in Norway. International Journal of the Commons, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 754-773. ISSN 18750281. DOI 10.18352/ijc.749.
FRANCIS, C.D., NEWMAN, P., TAFF, B.D., WHITE, C., MONZ, C.A., LEVENHAGEN, M., PETRELLI, A.R., ABBOTT, L.C., NEWTON, J., BURSON, S., COOPER, C.B., FRISTRUP, K.M., MCCLURE, C.J.W., MENNITT, D., GIAMELLARO, M. & BARBER, J.R., 2017. Acoustic environments matter: Synergistic benefits to humans and ecological communities. 1 diciembre 2017. S.l.: Academic Press.
HALL, T.E., SEEKAMP, E. & COLE, D., 2010. Do recreation motivations and wilderness involvement relate to support for wilderness management? A segmentation analysis. Leisure Sciences, vol. 32, no. 2, pp. 109-124. ISSN 01490400. DOI 10.1080/01490400903547096.
HAMILTON, L. & JEPSON, P., 2017. Conflict in Crocker: Applying ethical analysis to constructive dialogue in a co-managed protected area in Sabah (Malaysia). Environmental Conservation, vol. 44, no. 2, pp. 166-173. ISSN 14694387. DOI 10.1017/S0376892916000345.
HARBROW, M.A., CESSFORD, G.R. & KAZMIEROW, B.J., 2011. The impact of noise on recreationists and wildlife in New Zealand’s natural areas: A literature review. Science for Conservation 314. Wellington, New Zealand:
HILLIER, J., 2018. Politics of The Ring: Limits to Public Participation in Engineering Practice. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, vol. 42, no. 2, pp. 334-356. ISSN 14682427. DOI 10.1111/1468-2427.12523.
HVENEGAARD, G.T., 2017. Visitors’ perceived impacts of interpretation on knowledge, attitudes, and behavioral intentions at Miquelon Lake Provincial Park, Alberta, Canada. Tourism and Hospitality Research, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 79-90. ISSN 17429692. DOI 10.1177/1467358416634157.
KAPLAN, R., 1993. The role of nature in the context of the workplace. Landscape and Urban Planning, vol. 26, no. 1-4, pp. 193-201. ISSN 01692046. DOI 10.1016/0169-2046(93)90016-7.
KAPLAN, S., 1995. The restorative benefits of nature: Toward an integrative framework. Journal of Environmental Psychology, vol. 15, pp. 169-182.
LADRÓN DE GUEVARA, J., 2014. Proposal of a financial strategy for the Protected Areas National System - Chile: Executive Summary. Santiago de Chile.
MACE, B.L., BELL, P.A. & LOOMIS, R.J., 2004. Visibility and natural quiet in national parks and wilderness areas: Psychological considerations. Environment and Behavior, vol. 36, no. 1, pp. 5-31. ISSN 00139165. DOI 10.1177/0013916503254747.
MALDONADO, L., CASTILLO, J.C., ITURRA, J., ATRIA, J. & MENESES, F., 2019. La demanda por igualdad y los caminos que cuentan con amplio respaldo ciudadano. CIPER Chile, pp. 1-14.
MANNING, R., VALLIERE, W., HALLO, J., NEWMAN, P., PILCHER, E., SAVIDGE, M. & DUGAN, D., 2006. From landscapes to soundscapes: Understanding and managing natural quiet in the national parks. En: R. BURNS y K. ROBINSON (eds.), Proceedings of the 2006 Northeastern Recreation Research Symposium. Bolton Landing, New York: U.S. Forest Service, Northern Research Station, pp. 601-606.
MARIN, L.D., NEWMAN, P., MANNING, R., VASKE, J.J. & STACK, D., 2011. Motivation and acceptability norms of human-caused sound in Muir Woods National Monument. Leisure Sciences, vol. 33, no. 2, pp. 147-161. ISSN 01490400. DOI 10.1080/01490400.2011.550224.
MEES, H., CRABBÉ, A. & DRIESSEN, P.P.J., 2017. Conditions for citizen co-production in a resilient, efficient and legitimate flood risk governance arrangement. A tentative framework. Journal of Environmental Policy and Planning [en línea], vol. 19, no. 6, pp. 827-842. ISSN 15227200. DOI 10.1080/1523908X.2017.1299623.
MILLER, N., 2013. Understanding Soundscapes. Buildings, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 728-738. ISSN 2075-5309. DOI 10.3390/buildings3040728.
MILLER, Z.D., TAFF, B.D. & NEWMAN, P., 2018. Visitor Experiences of Wilderness Soundscapes in Denali National Park and Preserve. International Journal of Wilderness, vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 32-43.
MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE, 2011. Las Áreas Protegidas de Chile: Antecedentes, institucionalidad, estadísticas y desafíos. División de Recursos Naturales Renovables y Biodiversidad. Santiago de Chile.
NORDIC COUNCIL OF MINISTERS, 2019. Visitor Management in Nordic National Parks. Copenhagen: Nordic Council of Ministers. ISBN 9789289361163.
OTONDO, F., 2018. Listening To Wetland Soundscapes. Leonardo Music Journal [en línea], vol. 28, pp. 50-52. Disponible en: muse.jhu.edu/article/711565.
PETIT, I.J., CAMPOY, A.N., HEVIA, M.J., GAYMER, C.F. & SQUEO, F.A., 2018. Protected areas in Chile: Are we managing them? Revista Chilena de Historia Natural, vol. 91, no. 1, pp. 1-8. ISSN 07176317. DOI 10.1186/s40693-018-0071-z.
PIETILÄ, M., 2017. Do Visitor Experiences Differ Across Recreation Settings? Using Geographical Information Systems to Study the Setting-Experience Relationship. Visitor Studies, vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 187-201. ISSN 19347715. DOI 10.1080/10645578.2017.1404350.
PILCHER, E.J., NEWMAN, P. & MANNING, R.E., 2009. Understanding and Managing Experiential Aspects of Soundscapes at Muir Woods National Monument. Environmental Management, vol. 43, pp. 425-435. DOI 10.1007/s00267-008-9224-1.
RAPOZA, A., SUDDERTH, E. & LEWIS, K., 2015. The relationship between aircraft noise exposure and day-use visitor survey responses in backcountry areas of national parks. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, vol. 138, no. 4, pp. 2090-2105. ISSN 0001-4966. DOI 10.1121/1.4929934.
SANDSTRÖM, A., CRONA, B. & BODIN, Ö., 2014. Legitimacy in co-management: The impact of preexisting structures, social networks and governance strategies. Environmental Policy and Governance, vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 60-76. ISSN 1756932X. DOI 10.1002/eet.1633.
SCHAFER, R.M., 1977. The soundscape: our sonic environment and the tuning of the world. Rochester, Vt.: Destiny Books ; 19931994. Print. Vermont, Canadá: Destiny Books.
SOLIKU, O. & SCHRAML, U., 2018. Making sense of protected area conflicts and management approaches: A review of causes, contexts and conflict management strategies. Biological Conservation, vol. 222, no. August 2017, pp. 136-145. ISSN 00063207. DOI 10.1016/j.biocon.2018.04.011.
SOMMERHOFF, J., RECUERO, M. & SUÁREZ, E., 2004. Community noise survey of the city of Valdivia, Chile. Applied Acoustics, vol. 65, no. 7, pp. 643-656. ISSN 0003682X. DOI 10.1016/j.apacoust.2004.01.003.
SUÁREZ, E. & BARROS, J.L., 2014. Traffic noise mapping of the city of Santiago de Chile. Science of the Total Environment [en línea], vol. 466-467, pp. 539-546. ISSN 00489697. DOI 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.07.013.
SUÁREZ S., E. & CÁRDENAS M., J., 2015. Mapa Sonoro de Valdivia [en línea]. Valdivia, Chile: Universidad Austral de Chile. ISBN 978-956-9412-29-5. Disponible en: http://www.acusticauach.cl/mapa/files/mapa_sonoro_valdivia.pdf.
SUÁREZ S., E. & CÁRDENAS M., J., 2018. MAPA SONORO DE LA ZONA CENTRO DEL GRAN SANTIAGO. Valdivia, Chile: Universidad Austral de Chile. ISBN 9978956390067.
SUBSECRETARÍA DE TURISMO, 2017. Turismo Sustentable en Áreas Protegidas del Estado: Una apuesta de presente y futuro. [en línea]. Santiago de Chile: Disponible en: http://www.subturismo.gob.cl/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/TURISMO-SUSTENTABLE-EN-AP.pdf.
TAFF, D., NEWMAN, P., LAWSON, S.R., BRIGHT, A., MARIN, L., GIBSON, A. & ARCHIE, T., 2014. The role of messaging on acceptability of military aircraft sounds in Sequoia National Park. Applied Acoustics [en línea], vol. 84, pp. 122-128. ISSN 1872910X. DOI 10.1016/j.apacoust.2013.09.012.
ULRICH, R.S., SIMONS, R.F., LOSITO, B.D., FIORITO, E., MILES, M.A. & ZELSON, M., 1991. Stress recovery during exposure to natural and urban environments. Journal of Environmental Psychology, vol. 11, pp. 201-230.
UNITED STATES NATIONAL PARK SERVICE (USNPS), 2006. Management of National Park Service Programs. S.l.: s.n. ISBN 0160768748.
VITTERSØ, J., CHIPENIUK, R., SKÅR, M. & VISTAD, O.I., 2004. Recreational conflict is affective: The case of cross-country skiers and snowmobiles. Leisure Sciences, vol. 26, no. 3, pp. 227-243. ISSN 01490400. DOI 10.1080/01490400490461378.
WEINZIMMER, D., NEWMAN, P., TAFF, D., BENFIELD, J., LYNCH, E. & BELL, P., 2014. Human Responses to Simulated Motorized Noise in National Parks. Leisure Sciences, vol. 36, no. 3, pp. 251-267. ISSN 15210588. DOI 10.1080/01490400.2014.888022.
WHITING, J.W., LARSON, L.R., GREEN, G.T. & KRALOWEC, C., 2017. Outdoor recreation motivation and site preferences across diverse racial/ethnic groups: A case study of Georgia state parks. Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism [en línea], vol. 18, no. February, pp. 10-21. ISSN 22130780. DOI 10.1016/j.jort.2017.02.001.
BROWN, A.L., KANG, J. & GJESTLAND, T., 2011. Towards standardization in soundscape preference assessment. Applied Acoustics, vol. 72, no. 6, pp. 387-392. ISSN 0003682X. DOI 10.1016/j.apacoust.2011.01.001.
CORPORACIÓN NACIONAL FORESTAL (CONAF), 2009. Plan de Manejo Reserva Nacional Coyhaique. Documento de Trabajo N° 525. Coyhaique.
CORPORACIÓN NACIONAL FORESTAL (CONAF), 2017a. Plan de uso público de la Reserva Nacional Coyhaique. PTDASPE - Región de Aysén. Coyhaique.
CORPORACIÓN NACIONAL FORESTAL (CONAF), 2017b. Programa Manejo de Plantaciones: 13 años de aporte laboral, social y ambiental. [en línea]. [Consulta: 31 enero 2020]. Disponible en: http://www.conaf.cl/programa-manejo-de-plantaciones-13-anos-de-aporte-laboral-social-y-ambiental/.
CORPORACIÓN NACIONAL FORESTAL (CONAF), 2018. Estadística Visitantes Unidades SNASPE para el año 2018. [en línea]. S.l.: Disponible en: http://www.conaf.cl/wp-content/files_mf/1561061927EstadisticaTot_año_2018.pdf.
DAVIES, W.J., ADAMS, M.D., BRUCE, N.S., CAIN, R., CARLYLE, A., CUSACK, P., HUME, K.I., JENNINGS, P.A. & PLACK, C.J., 2007. The positive soundscape project. 19th Inrernational Congress On Acoustics [en línea], no. September, pp. 6. Disponible en: http://usir.salford.ac.uk/2460/.
ELLIOTT, R. & TIMULAK, L., 2005. Descriptive and interpretive approaches to qualitative research. A Handbook of Research Methods for Clinical and Health Psychology. S.l.: s.n., pp. 147-159.
FARINA, A., 2014. Soundscape ecology: Principles, patterns, methods and applications. Berlín: Springer Netherlands. ISBN 9789400773745.
FEDREHEIM, G.E. & BLANCO, E., 2017. Co-management of protected areas to alleviate conservation conflicts: Experiences in Norway. International Journal of the Commons, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 754-773. ISSN 18750281. DOI 10.18352/ijc.749.
FRANCIS, C.D., NEWMAN, P., TAFF, B.D., WHITE, C., MONZ, C.A., LEVENHAGEN, M., PETRELLI, A.R., ABBOTT, L.C., NEWTON, J., BURSON, S., COOPER, C.B., FRISTRUP, K.M., MCCLURE, C.J.W., MENNITT, D., GIAMELLARO, M. & BARBER, J.R., 2017. Acoustic environments matter: Synergistic benefits to humans and ecological communities. 1 diciembre 2017. S.l.: Academic Press.
HALL, T.E., SEEKAMP, E. & COLE, D., 2010. Do recreation motivations and wilderness involvement relate to support for wilderness management? A segmentation analysis. Leisure Sciences, vol. 32, no. 2, pp. 109-124. ISSN 01490400. DOI 10.1080/01490400903547096.
HAMILTON, L. & JEPSON, P., 2017. Conflict in Crocker: Applying ethical analysis to constructive dialogue in a co-managed protected area in Sabah (Malaysia). Environmental Conservation, vol. 44, no. 2, pp. 166-173. ISSN 14694387. DOI 10.1017/S0376892916000345.
HARBROW, M.A., CESSFORD, G.R. & KAZMIEROW, B.J., 2011. The impact of noise on recreationists and wildlife in New Zealand’s natural areas: A literature review. Science for Conservation 314. Wellington, New Zealand:
HILLIER, J., 2018. Politics of The Ring: Limits to Public Participation in Engineering Practice. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, vol. 42, no. 2, pp. 334-356. ISSN 14682427. DOI 10.1111/1468-2427.12523.
HVENEGAARD, G.T., 2017. Visitors’ perceived impacts of interpretation on knowledge, attitudes, and behavioral intentions at Miquelon Lake Provincial Park, Alberta, Canada. Tourism and Hospitality Research, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 79-90. ISSN 17429692. DOI 10.1177/1467358416634157.
KAPLAN, R., 1993. The role of nature in the context of the workplace. Landscape and Urban Planning, vol. 26, no. 1-4, pp. 193-201. ISSN 01692046. DOI 10.1016/0169-2046(93)90016-7.
KAPLAN, S., 1995. The restorative benefits of nature: Toward an integrative framework. Journal of Environmental Psychology, vol. 15, pp. 169-182.
LADRÓN DE GUEVARA, J., 2014. Proposal of a financial strategy for the Protected Areas National System - Chile: Executive Summary. Santiago de Chile.
MACE, B.L., BELL, P.A. & LOOMIS, R.J., 2004. Visibility and natural quiet in national parks and wilderness areas: Psychological considerations. Environment and Behavior, vol. 36, no. 1, pp. 5-31. ISSN 00139165. DOI 10.1177/0013916503254747.
MALDONADO, L., CASTILLO, J.C., ITURRA, J., ATRIA, J. & MENESES, F., 2019. La demanda por igualdad y los caminos que cuentan con amplio respaldo ciudadano. CIPER Chile, pp. 1-14.
MANNING, R., VALLIERE, W., HALLO, J., NEWMAN, P., PILCHER, E., SAVIDGE, M. & DUGAN, D., 2006. From landscapes to soundscapes: Understanding and managing natural quiet in the national parks. En: R. BURNS y K. ROBINSON (eds.), Proceedings of the 2006 Northeastern Recreation Research Symposium. Bolton Landing, New York: U.S. Forest Service, Northern Research Station, pp. 601-606.
MARIN, L.D., NEWMAN, P., MANNING, R., VASKE, J.J. & STACK, D., 2011. Motivation and acceptability norms of human-caused sound in Muir Woods National Monument. Leisure Sciences, vol. 33, no. 2, pp. 147-161. ISSN 01490400. DOI 10.1080/01490400.2011.550224.
MEES, H., CRABBÉ, A. & DRIESSEN, P.P.J., 2017. Conditions for citizen co-production in a resilient, efficient and legitimate flood risk governance arrangement. A tentative framework. Journal of Environmental Policy and Planning [en línea], vol. 19, no. 6, pp. 827-842. ISSN 15227200. DOI 10.1080/1523908X.2017.1299623.
MILLER, N., 2013. Understanding Soundscapes. Buildings, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 728-738. ISSN 2075-5309. DOI 10.3390/buildings3040728.
MILLER, Z.D., TAFF, B.D. & NEWMAN, P., 2018. Visitor Experiences of Wilderness Soundscapes in Denali National Park and Preserve. International Journal of Wilderness, vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 32-43.
MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE, 2011. Las Áreas Protegidas de Chile: Antecedentes, institucionalidad, estadísticas y desafíos. División de Recursos Naturales Renovables y Biodiversidad. Santiago de Chile.
NORDIC COUNCIL OF MINISTERS, 2019. Visitor Management in Nordic National Parks. Copenhagen: Nordic Council of Ministers. ISBN 9789289361163.
OTONDO, F., 2018. Listening To Wetland Soundscapes. Leonardo Music Journal [en línea], vol. 28, pp. 50-52. Disponible en: muse.jhu.edu/article/711565.
PETIT, I.J., CAMPOY, A.N., HEVIA, M.J., GAYMER, C.F. & SQUEO, F.A., 2018. Protected areas in Chile: Are we managing them? Revista Chilena de Historia Natural, vol. 91, no. 1, pp. 1-8. ISSN 07176317. DOI 10.1186/s40693-018-0071-z.
PIETILÄ, M., 2017. Do Visitor Experiences Differ Across Recreation Settings? Using Geographical Information Systems to Study the Setting-Experience Relationship. Visitor Studies, vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 187-201. ISSN 19347715. DOI 10.1080/10645578.2017.1404350.
PILCHER, E.J., NEWMAN, P. & MANNING, R.E., 2009. Understanding and Managing Experiential Aspects of Soundscapes at Muir Woods National Monument. Environmental Management, vol. 43, pp. 425-435. DOI 10.1007/s00267-008-9224-1.
RAPOZA, A., SUDDERTH, E. & LEWIS, K., 2015. The relationship between aircraft noise exposure and day-use visitor survey responses in backcountry areas of national parks. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, vol. 138, no. 4, pp. 2090-2105. ISSN 0001-4966. DOI 10.1121/1.4929934.
SANDSTRÖM, A., CRONA, B. & BODIN, Ö., 2014. Legitimacy in co-management: The impact of preexisting structures, social networks and governance strategies. Environmental Policy and Governance, vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 60-76. ISSN 1756932X. DOI 10.1002/eet.1633.
SCHAFER, R.M., 1977. The soundscape: our sonic environment and the tuning of the world. Rochester, Vt.: Destiny Books ; 19931994. Print. Vermont, Canadá: Destiny Books.
SOLIKU, O. & SCHRAML, U., 2018. Making sense of protected area conflicts and management approaches: A review of causes, contexts and conflict management strategies. Biological Conservation, vol. 222, no. August 2017, pp. 136-145. ISSN 00063207. DOI 10.1016/j.biocon.2018.04.011.
SOMMERHOFF, J., RECUERO, M. & SUÁREZ, E., 2004. Community noise survey of the city of Valdivia, Chile. Applied Acoustics, vol. 65, no. 7, pp. 643-656. ISSN 0003682X. DOI 10.1016/j.apacoust.2004.01.003.
SUÁREZ, E. & BARROS, J.L., 2014. Traffic noise mapping of the city of Santiago de Chile. Science of the Total Environment [en línea], vol. 466-467, pp. 539-546. ISSN 00489697. DOI 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.07.013.
SUÁREZ S., E. & CÁRDENAS M., J., 2015. Mapa Sonoro de Valdivia [en línea]. Valdivia, Chile: Universidad Austral de Chile. ISBN 978-956-9412-29-5. Disponible en: http://www.acusticauach.cl/mapa/files/mapa_sonoro_valdivia.pdf.
SUÁREZ S., E. & CÁRDENAS M., J., 2018. MAPA SONORO DE LA ZONA CENTRO DEL GRAN SANTIAGO. Valdivia, Chile: Universidad Austral de Chile. ISBN 9978956390067.
SUBSECRETARÍA DE TURISMO, 2017. Turismo Sustentable en Áreas Protegidas del Estado: Una apuesta de presente y futuro. [en línea]. Santiago de Chile: Disponible en: http://www.subturismo.gob.cl/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/TURISMO-SUSTENTABLE-EN-AP.pdf.
TAFF, D., NEWMAN, P., LAWSON, S.R., BRIGHT, A., MARIN, L., GIBSON, A. & ARCHIE, T., 2014. The role of messaging on acceptability of military aircraft sounds in Sequoia National Park. Applied Acoustics [en línea], vol. 84, pp. 122-128. ISSN 1872910X. DOI 10.1016/j.apacoust.2013.09.012.
ULRICH, R.S., SIMONS, R.F., LOSITO, B.D., FIORITO, E., MILES, M.A. & ZELSON, M., 1991. Stress recovery during exposure to natural and urban environments. Journal of Environmental Psychology, vol. 11, pp. 201-230.
UNITED STATES NATIONAL PARK SERVICE (USNPS), 2006. Management of National Park Service Programs. S.l.: s.n. ISBN 0160768748.
VITTERSØ, J., CHIPENIUK, R., SKÅR, M. & VISTAD, O.I., 2004. Recreational conflict is affective: The case of cross-country skiers and snowmobiles. Leisure Sciences, vol. 26, no. 3, pp. 227-243. ISSN 01490400. DOI 10.1080/01490400490461378.
WEINZIMMER, D., NEWMAN, P., TAFF, D., BENFIELD, J., LYNCH, E. & BELL, P., 2014. Human Responses to Simulated Motorized Noise in National Parks. Leisure Sciences, vol. 36, no. 3, pp. 251-267. ISSN 15210588. DOI 10.1080/01490400.2014.888022.
WHITING, J.W., LARSON, L.R., GREEN, G.T. & KRALOWEC, C., 2017. Outdoor recreation motivation and site preferences across diverse racial/ethnic groups: A case study of Georgia state parks. Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism [en línea], vol. 18, no. February, pp. 10-21. ISSN 22130780. DOI 10.1016/j.jort.2017.02.001.
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2021-06-16
How to Cite
Gale, T., Ednie, A., Adiego Sánchez, A., & Beeftink, K. (2021). How visitors and their perceptions of soundscapes can improve collaborative management of protected areas. Revista De Geografía Norte Grande, (79), 33–55. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-34022021000200033
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