Dinámica del manto de nieve en una pequeña cuenca de montaña mediterránea: el caso del río Tormes (Cuenca del Duero, España)
Palabras clave:
Cubierta de nieve, AVHRR-NOAA, MODIS, Modelo WRF-FSM, mediterráneo, cuenca de montañaResumen
Recientemente se ha generado una base de datos homogénea, para estudiar la dinámica espacio-temporal del manto de nieve en el territorio español peninsular, a partir de teledetección (AVHRR-NOAA y MODIS) y modelos de balance de energía (WRF-FSM). Estas series de datos utilizadas a escala regional presentan la incertidumbre de su aplicación en pequeñas cuencas de cabecera para comprender mejor la hidro-climatología de las mismas. Asumiendo la disparidad de técnicas aplicadas, y la diversidad de variables en las que se expresan las estimaciones (extensión superficial, días con nieve, profundidad del manto y cantidad de agua equivalente), los resultados obtenidos permiten describir el comportamiento estacional del manto de nieve en la cuenca seleccionada, así como su marcada variabilidad interanual. También muestran que los datos de cubierta de nieve resultan menos útiles para el seguimiento hidrológico que las series modelizadas (WRFFSM), que informan del espesor y de la cantidad de agua equivalente.
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ALONSO-GONZÁLEZ, E.; LÓPEZ-MORENO, J.I.; NAVARRO-SERRANO, F.; SANMIGUEL-VALLELADO, A. y CEBALLOS-BARBANCHO, A. Simulando el manto de nieve en la Península Ibérica para el período 1980-2014. En: RUIZ-FERNÁNDEZ, J.; GARCÍA-HERNÁNDEZ, C.; OLIVA, M.; RODRÍGUEZ-PÉREZ, C. y GALLINAR, D. Ambientes periglaciares: avances en su estudio, valoración patrimonial y riesgos asociados. Oviedo: Servicio de Publicaciones de la Universidad de Oviedo, 2017, p. 193-198.
ALONSO-GONZÁLEZ, E.; LÓPEZ-MORENO, J.I.; GASCOIN, S.; GARCÍA-VALDECASAS, M.; SANMI GUEL-VALLELADO, A.; NAVARRO-SERRANO, F.; REVUELTO, J.; CEBALLOS-BARBANCHO, A. & ESSERY, R. Daily gridded datasets of snow depth and snow water equivalent for the Iberian Peninsula during 1980-2014. Earth System Science Data, 2018, N° 10, p. 303-315.
ARGÜESO, D.; HIDALGO-MUÑOZ, J.M.; GÁMIZ-FORTIS, S.R; ESTEBAN-PARRA, M.J.; CASTRO-DÍEZ, Y.; ARGÜESO, D. & GÁMIZ-FORTIS, S.R. Evaluation of WRF Mean and Extreme Precipitation over Spain: Present Climate (1970-99). Journal of Climate, 2012, Vol. 25, N° 14, p. 4883-4897.
ATIF, I.; MAHBOOB, M.A. & IQBAL, J. Snow cover area change assessment in 2003 and 2013 using MODIS data of the Upper Indus Basin, Pakistan. Journal of Himalayan Earth Sciences, 2015, Vol. 48, N° 2, p. 117-128.
AZORÍN-MOLINA, C.; BAENA-CALATRAVA, R.; ECHAVE-CALVO, I.; CORNELL, B.H.; VICENTE-SERRA- NO, S. & LÓPEZ-MORENO, J.I. A daytime over land algorithm for computing AVHRR convective cloud climatologies for the Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands. International Journal of Clima tology, 2013, N° 33, p. 2113-2128.
BARNETT, T.P.; ADAM, J.C. & LETTENMAIER, D.P. Potential impacts of a warming climate on water availability in snow-dominated regions. Nature, 2005, N° 438, p. 303-309.
BEGUERÍA, S.; LÓPEZ-MORENO, J.I.; LORENTE, A.; SEEGER, M. & GARCÍA-RUIZ, J.M. Assessing the effect of climate oscillations and land-use changes on stream-flow in the Central Spanish Pyre nees. Ambio, 2003, Vol. 33, N° 4, p. 283-286.
BENISTON, M.; KELLER, F.; KOFFI, B. & GOYETTE, S. Estimates of snow accumulation and volume in the Swiss Alps under changing climatic conditions. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 2003, N° 76, p. 125-140.
BUISAN, S.; LÓPEZ-MORENO, J.I.; SANZ, M.A. & KOCHENDORFER, J. Impact of weather type va riability on winter precipitation, temperature and snowpack in the Spanish Pyrennees. Climate Research, 2016, N° 69, p. 79-92.
CEBALLOS-BARBANCHO, A. y MORÁN-TEJEDA, E. Evolución de las portaciones hídricas en una cuenca de montaña del Sistema Central: cabecera fluvial del río Tormes (1941-2004). Cuadernos de Investigación Geográfica, 2006, N° 32, p. 7-28.
CEBALLOS-BARBANCHO, A.; MORÁN-TEJEDA, E.; LUENGO-UGIDOS, M.A. & LLORENTE-PINTO, J.M. Water resources and environmental change in a Mediterranean environment: The south-west sec tor of the Duero river basin (Spain). Journal of Hydrology, 2008, N° 351, p. 126-138.
CORNWELL, E.; MOLOTCH, N.P. & MCPHEE, J. Spatio-temporal variability of snow water equivalent in the extra-tropical Andes Cordillera from distributed energy balance modeling and remotely sensed snow cover. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 2016, N° 20, p. 411-430.
DANKERS, R. & DE JONG, S.M. Monitoring snow cover dynamics in Northern Fennoscandia with SPOT VEGETATION images. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 2004, N° 25, p. 2933-2949.
DIETZ, A.J., KUENZER, C., GESSNER, U. & DECH, S. Remote sensing of snow - a review of available methods. International Journal of Remote Sensing , 2012a, Vol. 33, N° 13, p. 4094-4134.
DIETZ, A.J.; WOHNER, C. & KUENZER, C. European snow cover characteristics between 2000 and 2011 derived from improved MODIS daily snow cover products. Remote Sensing, 2012b, N° 4, p. 2432-2454.
DOZIER, J. Spectral signature of alpine snow cover from the Landsat Thematic Mapper. Remote Sensing of Environment, 1989, N° 28, p. 9-22.
ESSERY, R. A factorial snowpack model (FSM 1.0). Geoscience Model Development, 2015, Vol. 8, N° 12, p. 3867-3876.
ESTRELA, T. y FRANCÉS, M. Datos sobre la nieve y los glaciares en las cordilleras españolas. El pro grama ERHIN (1984-2008). Madrid: Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Medio Rural y Marino, 2008.
FASSNACHT, S.R.; SEXSTONE, G.A.; KASHIPAZHA, A.H.; LÓPEZ-MORENO, J.I.; JASINSKI, M.J.; KAM- PF, S.K. & VON THADEN, B.C. Deriving snow-cover depletion curves for different spatial scales from remote sensing and snow telemetry data. Hydrological Processes, 2016, Vol. 30,N° 11, p. 1708-1717.
FAYAD, A.; GASCOIN, S.; FAOUR, G.; LÓPEZ-MORENO, J.I.; DRAPEAU, L.; LE PAGE, M. & ESCADAFAL, R. Snow hydrology in Mediterranean mountain regions: A review. Journal of Hydroly, 2017, N° 551, p. 374-396.
FAYAZ, N.; VAZIFEDOUST, M. & ARAGHINEJAD, S. Monitoring of snow cover variation using MODIS snow product. International Archives of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, 2013, N° 40, p.165-168.
GARCÍA-RUIZ, J.M.; LÓPEZ-MORENO, J.I.; VICENTE-SERRANO, S.M.; LASANTA-MARTÍNEZ, T. & BEGUERÍA, S. Mediterranean water resources in a global change scenario. Earth-Science Review, 2011, Vol. 105, N° 3, p. 121-139.
GARCÍA-VALDECASAS OJEDA, M.; GÁMIZ-FORTIS, S.R.; CASTRO-DÍEZ, Y. & ESTEBAN-PARRA, M.J. Evaluation of WRF capability to detect dry and wet periods in Spain using drought índices. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 2017, Vol. 122; N° 3, p. 1569-1594.
GASCOIN, S.; HAGOLLE, O.; HUC, M.; JARLAN, L.; DEJOUX, J.F.; SZCZYPTA, C.; MARTI, R. & SÁN CHEZ, R. A snow cover climatology for the Pyrenees from MODIS snow products. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences , 2015, N° 19, p. 2337-2351.
GILABERTE-BURDALO, M.; LOPEZ-MARTIN, F.; PINO-OTIN, M.R. & LOPEZ-MORENO, J.I. Impacts of climate change on ski industry. Environmental Science & Policy, 2014, N° 44, p. 51-61.
HUBANKS, P.A.; KING, M.D.; PLATNICK, S. & PINCUS, R. MODIS algorithm theoretical basis docu ment no. ATBD-MOD-30 for level-3 global gridded atmosphere products. NASA, 2008.
LASANTA, T.; LAGUNA, M. & VICENTE-SERRANO, S.M. Do tourism-based ski resorts contribute to the homogeneous development of the Mediterranean mountains? A case study in the Central Spanish Pyrenees. Tourism Management, 2007, N° 28, p. 1326-1339.
LI, X.; FU, W.; SHEN, H.; HUANG, C. & ZHANG, L. Monitoring snow cover variability (2000-2014) in the Hengduan Mountains based on cloud-removed MODIS products with an adaptive spatio-tem poral weighted method. Journal of Hydrology , 2017, N° 551, p. 314-327.
LLORENTE-PINTO, J.M.; NAVARRO-SERRANO, F.J.; ALONSO-GONZÁLEZ, E. y CEBALLOS-BARBANCHO, A. Evolución reciente del manto de nieve en la España peninsular. En: ALLENDE, F.; CAÑADA, R;, FERNÁNDEZ-MAYORALES, G.; GÓMEZ, G.; LÓPEZ, N.; PALACIOS, A.; ROJO, F. y VIDAL, M.J. Naturaleza, territorio y ciudad en un mundo global. Madrid: Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Asociación de Geógrafos Españoles, 2017, p. 200-209.
LÓPEZ-MORENO, J.I. & GARCÍA-RUIZ, J.M. Influence of snow accumulation and snowmelt on streamflow in the central Spanish Pyrenees. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 2004, Vol. 49, N°5, p. 787-802.
LÓPEZ-MORENO, J.I.; GOYETTE, S.; VICENTE-SERRANO, S.M. & BENISTON, M. Effects of climate change on the intensity and frequency of heavy snowfall events in the Pyrenees. Climatic Change, 2011, N° 105, p. 489-508.
MARCHANE, A.; JARLAN, L.; HANICH, L.; BOUDHAR, A.; GASCOIN, S.; TAVERNIER, A.; FILALI, N.; LE PAGE. M.; HAGOLLE, O. & BERJAMYE, B. Assessment of daily MODIS snow cover products to monitor snow cover dynamics over the Moroccan Atlas mountain range. Remote Sensing of Envi ronment, 2015, N° 160, p. 72-86.
MASKEY, S.; UHLENBROOK, S. & OJHA, S. An analysis of snow cover changes in the Himalayan region using MODIS snow products and in-situ temperature data. Climatic Change , 2011, N° 108, p. 391-400.
NAVARRO-SERRANO, F.M.; ALONSO-GONZÁLEZ, E.; SERRANO-NOTIVOLI, R.; SANMIGUEL-VA- LLELADO, A.; AZORÍN-MOLINA, C. y LÓPEZ-MORENO, J.I. Análisis comparativo de la superficie cubierta por nieve obtenida a partir de imágenes NOAA-AVHRR, MODIS-MOD10A1 y del modelo FSM-WRF. En: RUIZ-FERNÁNDEZ, J.; GARCÍA-HERNÁNDEZ, C.; OLIVA, M.; RODRÍGUEZ-PÉREZ, C. y GALLINAR, D. Ambientes periglaciares: avances en su estudio, valoración patrimonial y riesgos asociados . Oviedo: Servicio de Publicaciones de la Universidad de Oviedo , 2017, p. 199-206.
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SAAVEDRA, F.A; KAMPF, S.K.; FASSNACHT, S.R. & SIBOLD, J.S. Changes in Andes snow cover from MODIS data, 2000-2016. The Cryosphere, 2018, N° 12, p. 1027-1046.
SANMIGUEL-VALLELADO, A.; MORÁN-TEJEDA, E.; ALONSO-GONZÁLEZ, E. & LÓPEZ-MORENO, J.I. Effect of snow on mountain river regimes: an example from the Pyrenees. Frontiers of Earth Scien ce, 2017, Vol. 11, N° 3, p. 515-530.
SKAMAROCK, W.C.; KLEMP, J.B.; DUDHIA, J.; GILL, D.O.; BARKER, D.M.; DUDHA, M.G.; HUANG, X.; WANG, W. & POWERS, J.G. Description of the Advanced Research WRF Version 3. NCAR Tech. Note NCAR/TN-475+STR. NCAR. Boulder: National Center for Atmospherie Research, 2008. Disponible en Internet: http://opensky.ucar.edu/islandora/object/technotes:500
SPROLES, E.A.; KERR, T.; ORREGO NELSON, C. & LOPEZ ASPE, D. Developing a snowmelt forecast model in the absence of field data. Water Resources Management, 2016, Vol. 30, N° 7, p. 2581- 2590.
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ALONSO-GONZÁLEZ, E.; LÓPEZ-MORENO, J.I.; GASCOIN, S.; GARCÍA-VALDECASAS, M.; SANMI GUEL-VALLELADO, A.; NAVARRO-SERRANO, F.; REVUELTO, J.; CEBALLOS-BARBANCHO, A. & ESSERY, R. Daily gridded datasets of snow depth and snow water equivalent for the Iberian Peninsula during 1980-2014. Earth System Science Data, 2018, N° 10, p. 303-315.
ARGÜESO, D.; HIDALGO-MUÑOZ, J.M.; GÁMIZ-FORTIS, S.R; ESTEBAN-PARRA, M.J.; CASTRO-DÍEZ, Y.; ARGÜESO, D. & GÁMIZ-FORTIS, S.R. Evaluation of WRF Mean and Extreme Precipitation over Spain: Present Climate (1970-99). Journal of Climate, 2012, Vol. 25, N° 14, p. 4883-4897.
ATIF, I.; MAHBOOB, M.A. & IQBAL, J. Snow cover area change assessment in 2003 and 2013 using MODIS data of the Upper Indus Basin, Pakistan. Journal of Himalayan Earth Sciences, 2015, Vol. 48, N° 2, p. 117-128.
AZORÍN-MOLINA, C.; BAENA-CALATRAVA, R.; ECHAVE-CALVO, I.; CORNELL, B.H.; VICENTE-SERRA- NO, S. & LÓPEZ-MORENO, J.I. A daytime over land algorithm for computing AVHRR convective cloud climatologies for the Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands. International Journal of Clima tology, 2013, N° 33, p. 2113-2128.
BARNETT, T.P.; ADAM, J.C. & LETTENMAIER, D.P. Potential impacts of a warming climate on water availability in snow-dominated regions. Nature, 2005, N° 438, p. 303-309.
BEGUERÍA, S.; LÓPEZ-MORENO, J.I.; LORENTE, A.; SEEGER, M. & GARCÍA-RUIZ, J.M. Assessing the effect of climate oscillations and land-use changes on stream-flow in the Central Spanish Pyre nees. Ambio, 2003, Vol. 33, N° 4, p. 283-286.
BENISTON, M.; KELLER, F.; KOFFI, B. & GOYETTE, S. Estimates of snow accumulation and volume in the Swiss Alps under changing climatic conditions. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 2003, N° 76, p. 125-140.
BUISAN, S.; LÓPEZ-MORENO, J.I.; SANZ, M.A. & KOCHENDORFER, J. Impact of weather type va riability on winter precipitation, temperature and snowpack in the Spanish Pyrennees. Climate Research, 2016, N° 69, p. 79-92.
CEBALLOS-BARBANCHO, A. y MORÁN-TEJEDA, E. Evolución de las portaciones hídricas en una cuenca de montaña del Sistema Central: cabecera fluvial del río Tormes (1941-2004). Cuadernos de Investigación Geográfica, 2006, N° 32, p. 7-28.
CEBALLOS-BARBANCHO, A.; MORÁN-TEJEDA, E.; LUENGO-UGIDOS, M.A. & LLORENTE-PINTO, J.M. Water resources and environmental change in a Mediterranean environment: The south-west sec tor of the Duero river basin (Spain). Journal of Hydrology, 2008, N° 351, p. 126-138.
CORNWELL, E.; MOLOTCH, N.P. & MCPHEE, J. Spatio-temporal variability of snow water equivalent in the extra-tropical Andes Cordillera from distributed energy balance modeling and remotely sensed snow cover. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 2016, N° 20, p. 411-430.
DANKERS, R. & DE JONG, S.M. Monitoring snow cover dynamics in Northern Fennoscandia with SPOT VEGETATION images. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 2004, N° 25, p. 2933-2949.
DIETZ, A.J., KUENZER, C., GESSNER, U. & DECH, S. Remote sensing of snow - a review of available methods. International Journal of Remote Sensing , 2012a, Vol. 33, N° 13, p. 4094-4134.
DIETZ, A.J.; WOHNER, C. & KUENZER, C. European snow cover characteristics between 2000 and 2011 derived from improved MODIS daily snow cover products. Remote Sensing, 2012b, N° 4, p. 2432-2454.
DOZIER, J. Spectral signature of alpine snow cover from the Landsat Thematic Mapper. Remote Sensing of Environment, 1989, N° 28, p. 9-22.
ESSERY, R. A factorial snowpack model (FSM 1.0). Geoscience Model Development, 2015, Vol. 8, N° 12, p. 3867-3876.
ESTRELA, T. y FRANCÉS, M. Datos sobre la nieve y los glaciares en las cordilleras españolas. El pro grama ERHIN (1984-2008). Madrid: Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Medio Rural y Marino, 2008.
FASSNACHT, S.R.; SEXSTONE, G.A.; KASHIPAZHA, A.H.; LÓPEZ-MORENO, J.I.; JASINSKI, M.J.; KAM- PF, S.K. & VON THADEN, B.C. Deriving snow-cover depletion curves for different spatial scales from remote sensing and snow telemetry data. Hydrological Processes, 2016, Vol. 30,N° 11, p. 1708-1717.
FAYAD, A.; GASCOIN, S.; FAOUR, G.; LÓPEZ-MORENO, J.I.; DRAPEAU, L.; LE PAGE, M. & ESCADAFAL, R. Snow hydrology in Mediterranean mountain regions: A review. Journal of Hydroly, 2017, N° 551, p. 374-396.
FAYAZ, N.; VAZIFEDOUST, M. & ARAGHINEJAD, S. Monitoring of snow cover variation using MODIS snow product. International Archives of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, 2013, N° 40, p.165-168.
GARCÍA-RUIZ, J.M.; LÓPEZ-MORENO, J.I.; VICENTE-SERRANO, S.M.; LASANTA-MARTÍNEZ, T. & BEGUERÍA, S. Mediterranean water resources in a global change scenario. Earth-Science Review, 2011, Vol. 105, N° 3, p. 121-139.
GARCÍA-VALDECASAS OJEDA, M.; GÁMIZ-FORTIS, S.R.; CASTRO-DÍEZ, Y. & ESTEBAN-PARRA, M.J. Evaluation of WRF capability to detect dry and wet periods in Spain using drought índices. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 2017, Vol. 122; N° 3, p. 1569-1594.
GASCOIN, S.; HAGOLLE, O.; HUC, M.; JARLAN, L.; DEJOUX, J.F.; SZCZYPTA, C.; MARTI, R. & SÁN CHEZ, R. A snow cover climatology for the Pyrenees from MODIS snow products. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences , 2015, N° 19, p. 2337-2351.
GILABERTE-BURDALO, M.; LOPEZ-MARTIN, F.; PINO-OTIN, M.R. & LOPEZ-MORENO, J.I. Impacts of climate change on ski industry. Environmental Science & Policy, 2014, N° 44, p. 51-61.
HUBANKS, P.A.; KING, M.D.; PLATNICK, S. & PINCUS, R. MODIS algorithm theoretical basis docu ment no. ATBD-MOD-30 for level-3 global gridded atmosphere products. NASA, 2008.
LASANTA, T.; LAGUNA, M. & VICENTE-SERRANO, S.M. Do tourism-based ski resorts contribute to the homogeneous development of the Mediterranean mountains? A case study in the Central Spanish Pyrenees. Tourism Management, 2007, N° 28, p. 1326-1339.
LI, X.; FU, W.; SHEN, H.; HUANG, C. & ZHANG, L. Monitoring snow cover variability (2000-2014) in the Hengduan Mountains based on cloud-removed MODIS products with an adaptive spatio-tem poral weighted method. Journal of Hydrology , 2017, N° 551, p. 314-327.
LLORENTE-PINTO, J.M.; NAVARRO-SERRANO, F.J.; ALONSO-GONZÁLEZ, E. y CEBALLOS-BARBANCHO, A. Evolución reciente del manto de nieve en la España peninsular. En: ALLENDE, F.; CAÑADA, R;, FERNÁNDEZ-MAYORALES, G.; GÓMEZ, G.; LÓPEZ, N.; PALACIOS, A.; ROJO, F. y VIDAL, M.J. Naturaleza, territorio y ciudad en un mundo global. Madrid: Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Asociación de Geógrafos Españoles, 2017, p. 200-209.
LÓPEZ-MORENO, J.I. & GARCÍA-RUIZ, J.M. Influence of snow accumulation and snowmelt on streamflow in the central Spanish Pyrenees. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 2004, Vol. 49, N°5, p. 787-802.
LÓPEZ-MORENO, J.I.; GOYETTE, S.; VICENTE-SERRANO, S.M. & BENISTON, M. Effects of climate change on the intensity and frequency of heavy snowfall events in the Pyrenees. Climatic Change, 2011, N° 105, p. 489-508.
MARCHANE, A.; JARLAN, L.; HANICH, L.; BOUDHAR, A.; GASCOIN, S.; TAVERNIER, A.; FILALI, N.; LE PAGE. M.; HAGOLLE, O. & BERJAMYE, B. Assessment of daily MODIS snow cover products to monitor snow cover dynamics over the Moroccan Atlas mountain range. Remote Sensing of Envi ronment, 2015, N° 160, p. 72-86.
MASKEY, S.; UHLENBROOK, S. & OJHA, S. An analysis of snow cover changes in the Himalayan region using MODIS snow products and in-situ temperature data. Climatic Change , 2011, N° 108, p. 391-400.
NAVARRO-SERRANO, F.M.; ALONSO-GONZÁLEZ, E.; SERRANO-NOTIVOLI, R.; SANMIGUEL-VA- LLELADO, A.; AZORÍN-MOLINA, C. y LÓPEZ-MORENO, J.I. Análisis comparativo de la superficie cubierta por nieve obtenida a partir de imágenes NOAA-AVHRR, MODIS-MOD10A1 y del modelo FSM-WRF. En: RUIZ-FERNÁNDEZ, J.; GARCÍA-HERNÁNDEZ, C.; OLIVA, M.; RODRÍGUEZ-PÉREZ, C. y GALLINAR, D. Ambientes periglaciares: avances en su estudio, valoración patrimonial y riesgos asociados . Oviedo: Servicio de Publicaciones de la Universidad de Oviedo , 2017, p. 199-206.
RIGGS, G.A.; HALL, D.K. & SALOMONSON, V.V. MODIS snow products user guide to collection 5. NASA, 2006.
RIGGS, G.A. & HALL, D.K. MODIS Snow Products Collection 6 User Guide. National Snow and Ice Data Center, 2015.
SAAVEDRA, F.A; KAMPF, S.K.; FASSNACHT, S.R. & SIBOLD, J.S. Changes in Andes snow cover from MODIS data, 2000-2016. The Cryosphere, 2018, N° 12, p. 1027-1046.
SANMIGUEL-VALLELADO, A.; MORÁN-TEJEDA, E.; ALONSO-GONZÁLEZ, E. & LÓPEZ-MORENO, J.I. Effect of snow on mountain river regimes: an example from the Pyrenees. Frontiers of Earth Scien ce, 2017, Vol. 11, N° 3, p. 515-530.
SKAMAROCK, W.C.; KLEMP, J.B.; DUDHIA, J.; GILL, D.O.; BARKER, D.M.; DUDHA, M.G.; HUANG, X.; WANG, W. & POWERS, J.G. Description of the Advanced Research WRF Version 3. NCAR Tech. Note NCAR/TN-475+STR. NCAR. Boulder: National Center for Atmospherie Research, 2008. Disponible en Internet: http://opensky.ucar.edu/islandora/object/technotes:500
SPROLES, E.A.; KERR, T.; ORREGO NELSON, C. & LOPEZ ASPE, D. Developing a snowmelt forecast model in the absence of field data. Water Resources Management, 2016, Vol. 30, N° 7, p. 2581- 2590.
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2018-12-03
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Ceballos-Barbancho, A., Llorente-Pinto, J. M. ., Alonso-González, E., & López-Moreno, J. I. . (2018). Dinámica del manto de nieve en una pequeña cuenca de montaña mediterránea: el caso del río Tormes (Cuenca del Duero, España). Revista De Geografía Norte Grande, (71), 9–34. Recuperado a partir de https://revistadisena.uc.cl/index.php/RGNG/article/view/22687
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